Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
Taiwan, the Republic of China
Taiwan has historically been under Chinese control with a occupation by Japan during the first half of the 20th century following the Chinese defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War of the 1890's. Taiwan returned to China after the Japanese surrender in World War II. Following their defeat to the Communist Party, the Nationalist Party fled to Taiwan, and asserted itself as the government of the Republic of China. To this day, The People's Republic of China regards Taiwan as a party of mainland China, and the Republic of China as a regional and not national government. The PRC considers Taiwan to be under its "One Country, Two Systems" policy where the region remains part of the People's Republic of China while maintaining its regional government and economic principles. Taiwan itself despite this continues to elect its own president and controls its own military, but the Republic of China now lacks international recognition as a sovereign state by the United Nations despite the region's protestations to the contrary (Murdoch, Richardson, 2008).
Mongolia
Mongolia in early times was a nation of disunified, nomadic horsemen which under the rule of Genghis Khan in the 13th century rose to become the largest empire in history. This empire was ultimately fragmented centuries later leaving Mongolia closer in size to the country it is now. Mongolia connects to China on the northern Chinese border. During the late 20th century Mongolia faced a dilemma being between two largest, imperialist countries, China and USSR. Mongolia played the two countries' nationalist tensions against each other to remain autonomous, and ultimately sided with the USSR as an ally to prevent Chinese occupation of Mongolia. The rise of communism in the 20th century also resulted in a one-party communist government until a democratic movement in the early 1990's brought about a plethora of new parties. Today government is headed by a democratic president and communist prime minister who was nominated by the president demonstrating the balance of doctrine in the government itself (Mansvetov, 1945).
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Tibet Autonomous Region
Throughout its history Tibet has alternated between a unified state and disunified feudal states. The region remained disunified until it became the Tibetan empire in the 7th century, which then fragmented and was unified under Genghis Khan. Tibet was then broken again with the dissolution of the Mongolian Empire which was later reunified as a Theocracy under the Dalai Lama. This system continued into the 20th century when China subjugated Tibet, and ultimately brought about the exile of the Tibetan government and Dalai Lama. Tibet of all of the regions assimilated into China have been the worst. The Chinese persecution of agriculture and heightening of industry hit Tibet hardest since it was entirely agrarian. In addition to massacres Tibet has experienced desecration of almost all Tibetan monasteries. Today Tibet remains a resistant and controversial region of China and is led by chairman who reports directly to the regional secretary of the People's Republic of China. Despite this the people of Tibet remain reverent of the Dalai Lama, and this only serves to ferment division with Chinese authorities, and impediments to assimilation to Chinese culture despite over 60 years of Chinese subjugation (Van, 2011).
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References
Fitzgerald, P. (2012) Map of Hong Kong. [Digital Image]. Retrieved From http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Hong_Kong_districts_map_%28nl%29.png. Available Under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported
Mansvetov, F. (1945, October 1). Russia and China in Outer Mongolia. Retrieved December 9, 2014.
Mapsof.net. (2014). Hong Kong Protests. [Digital Image]. Retrieved from http://mapsof.net/map/china-hong-kong-location-map. Available
under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0.
Map of Mongolia. [Map]. Retrieved from
http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/70467/fedor-s-mansvetov/russia-and-china-in-outer-mongolia. Available under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Murdoch, Lillian, and Richardson, Alex. "Milestones in China." Jun 2008. Reuters. Nov 2014.
United States Central Intelligence Agency. (2014). The World Factbook: Hong Kong [Data file]. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library
/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/hk.html
Van, S. S. (2011). Tibet: A history. New Haven: Yale University Press.
VOA News. (2014). Tibet Self-Immolations. [Digital Image]. Retrieved from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Map_of_Tibetan_Self-Immolations.png. Available under public domain.
Mansvetov, F. (1945, October 1). Russia and China in Outer Mongolia. Retrieved December 9, 2014.
Mapsof.net. (2014). Hong Kong Protests. [Digital Image]. Retrieved from http://mapsof.net/map/china-hong-kong-location-map. Available
under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0.
Map of Mongolia. [Map]. Retrieved from
http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/70467/fedor-s-mansvetov/russia-and-china-in-outer-mongolia. Available under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Murdoch, Lillian, and Richardson, Alex. "Milestones in China." Jun 2008. Reuters. Nov 2014.
United States Central Intelligence Agency. (2014). The World Factbook: Hong Kong [Data file]. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library
/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/hk.html
Van, S. S. (2011). Tibet: A history. New Haven: Yale University Press.
VOA News. (2014). Tibet Self-Immolations. [Digital Image]. Retrieved from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Map_of_Tibetan_Self-Immolations.png. Available under public domain.